He left research in 1918 to become Master of Trinity College. Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of the atom which had negatively-charged electrons embedded within a positively-charged soup. In addition to being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906, he was knighted in 1908 by King Edward VII. Thomson’s experiments with cathode ray tubes showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons. Thomson published 13 books and more than 200 papers in his lifetime. They had one daughter, Joan, and one son, George Paget Thomson, who went on to become a physicist and win a Nobel Prize of his own. Thomson married Rose Paget, one of his students, in 1890. The book traces the evolution of the concept of electrical charge, from the earliest glow discharge studies to the final cathode ray and oil drop experiments of. This was the first use of mass spectrometry. In doing so, he discovered that neon was composed of two different kinds of atoms, and proved the existence of isotopes in a stable element. This led to one of his other famous discoveries in 1912 when he channeled a stream of ionized neon through a magnetic and an electric field and used deflection techniques to measure the charge to mass ratio. In 1906, Thomson began studying positively charged ions, or positive rays. In a paper published in 1897 he summarized his observations and concluded that the cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles with mass.
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